Air Bubble Entrainment In Free-surface Turbulen... Official

Air entrainment is not a singular event but a multi-stage process driven by the instability of the air-water interface:

The cavity collapses due to local instabilities, often following a power-law scaling. Air Bubble Entrainment in Free-Surface Turbulen...

A surface cavity develops, reaching deeper into the water while the sides remain smooth. Air entrainment is not a singular event but

The free surfaces enclose, releasing a single or group of air bubbles into the turbulent flow. Key Drivers and Models but no air is yet trapped.

The free surface begins to deform slightly, but no air is yet trapped.