: They possess an open circulatory system with a heart and vessels.

: The body is laterally compressed and enclosed in a bilateral shell. This shell consists of three layers: an outer organic layer (periostracum), a middle calcareous layer, and an inner pearly layer (nacre).

: They breathe through plate-like gills (ctenidia) located in the mantle cavity.

The Class Bivalvia (Двустворчатые моллюски) is a group of aquatic mollusks characterized by a shell composed of two hinged parts. In the 7th-grade biology curriculum by S.V. Sumatokhin and V.V. Pasechnik, these organisms are studied for their unique evolutionary adaptations to a sedentary lifestyle. Key Biological Features

: The nervous system is simplified, consisting of three pairs of ganglia. Ecological and Economic Importance

: Most bivalves are filter feeders. They draw water into their mantle cavity through a siphon, where specialized gills trap organic particles. Internal Systems

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