The rise of diverse political thought, from Decembrists to Narodniks (populists), leading to the complex political environment of the late 19th century. 5. Cultural and Spiritual Life
The era of "Enlightened Absolutism" and the expansion of borders to the Black Sea. 4. Russia in the 19th Century: Glory and Internal Conflict
1. Introduction to Historical Science
His radical Westernization reforms, the founding of St. Petersburg, and Russia's emergence as a great European power after the Great Northern War.