Often called the , this rule states that if a conditional statement is true and its "if" part (antecedent) is also true, then the "then" part (consequent) must be true. Logical Form: P→Q,P⊢Qcap P right arrow cap Q comma cap P ⊢ cap Q Step-by-Step: Therefore , Example: Premise 1: If it is a car, then it has wheels. Premise 2: It is a car. Conclusion : Therefore, it has wheels. 2. Modus Tollens ("Method of Denying") Logic - Good and Bad - SMU Physics

and Modus Tollens are fundamental rules of inference in propositional logic used to derive valid conclusions from hypothetical "if-then" statements. They serve as the building blocks for formal proofs in mathematics, philosophy, and computer science. 1. Modus Ponens ("Method of Affirming")

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