Composed of chromatin (DNA wrapped around histone proteins). Key structures include centromeres (attachment points) and telomeres (protective caps).
The process of pairing and ordering all the chromosomes of an organism, providing a genome-wide snapshot of an individual's chromosomes. Cell Division:
Deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations (where segments of chromosomes break and reattach elsewhere). 4. Molecular Foundations Principles of Genetics and Cytogenetics
Each individual has two alleles for a trait, which separate during gamete formation so that each gamete carries only one allele.
A two-step division reducing the chromosome number by half to produce haploid gametes, introducing genetic variation via crossing over . 3. Chromosomal Variations Composed of chromatin (DNA wrapped around histone proteins)
Not all genes are "on" at once; cells regulate expression based on environmental signals and developmental stages. 5. Modern Extensions
The semi-conservative process of copying the genome. A two-step division reducing the chromosome number by
Results in two genetically identical daughter cells (somatic growth).