: The government created ten "homelands" (Bantustans) for Black South Africans, stripping them of their South African citizenship and forcing them into impoverished, semi-independent territories. The Struggle and Resistance
The system was designed to ensure the political, social, and economic dominance of the white minority. Key architects like D.F. Malan and later Hendrik Verwoerd implemented laws that touched every aspect of life. South Africa: The Rise and Fall of Apartheid
Apartheid (meaning "apartness" in Afrikaans ) was a formal system of institutionalized racial segregation and white minority rule in South Africa that lasted from . While racial discrimination existed in South Africa for centuries under Dutch and British colonial rule, the 1948 election of the National Party (NP) codified these practices into rigid, all-encompassing laws. The Rise of Apartheid (1948–1960s) : The government created ten "homelands" (Bantustans) for
By the late 1980s, the system was becoming unsustainable due to a combination of factors: Malan and later Hendrik Verwoerd implemented laws that