Ultras Guide

In many regions, Ultras are powerful political actors. They have played roles in revolutions (e.g., Egypt’s Arab Spring) and often represent marginalized social groups [20, 21, 27].

Ultras reject the idea of being mere "consumers" of football. They see themselves as the soul of the club, often clashing with commercial interests and modern, "sanitized" versions of the game [5, 11]. Ultras

Originating in Italy in the late 1960s and 70s, Ultra culture has evolved into a global movement of extreme fandom that blends passion, politics, and community [18, 22, 30]. In many regions, Ultras are powerful political actors

While often associated with hooliganism or violence in the media, many groups act as surrogate families, offering a sense of belonging in atomized societies [16, 23]. In many regions