: Aiming for 40% circular materials in vehicles by 2040 (excluding China) [22].
: Sales revenue of €145.2 billion (+3.7%), with a 4.7% operating return on sales. vw.zip
: Higher fixed costs and adverse effects from U.S. tariffs [12, 28]. : Aiming for 40% circular materials in vehicles
Based on the Volkswagen Group's 2024 and 2025 financial disclosures , vw.zip
: New regulations starting in 2031 will require specific recycled content for batteries, including 6% lithium and 16% cobalt [22]. Operational Challenges